{"id":8546,"date":"2023-05-16T15:39:17","date_gmt":"2023-05-16T15:39:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aziza.com.ng\/read\/?p=8546"},"modified":"2024-10-30T07:43:12","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T07:43:12","slug":"history-of-house-of-senate-in-south-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aziza.com.ng\/read\/history-of-house-of-senate-in-south-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"HISTORY OF HOUSE OF SENATE IN SOUTH AFRICA"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

This post discusses the History of the Senate house of South Africa from the early times\u00a0 till the abolition of the senate house to the National Council of Province.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Senate was the upper house of the Parliament of South Africa between 1910 and its abolition from 1 January 1981, and between 1994 and 1997.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The\u00a0Parliament of the Republic of South Africa\u00a0is\u00a0South Africa’s legislature; under the present\u00a0Constitution of South Africa, the bicameral Parliament comprises a\u00a0National Assembly\u00a0and a\u00a0National Council of Provinces.\u00a0The current\u00a0twenty-seventh Parliament\u00a0was first convened on 22 May 2019.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Early House<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

From 1910 to 1994, members of Parliament were elected chiefly by the South African\u00a0white minority. The first elections with universal suffrage were held in\u00a01994.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Both chambers held their meetings in the\u00a0Houses of Parliament, Cape Town\u00a0that were built 1875\u20131884. A\u00a0fire\u00a0broke out within the buildings in early January 2022, destroying the session room of the National Assembly. It was decided that the National Assembly would temporarily meet at the Good Hope Chamber.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

House of Senate from 1910-1981<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Under white minority rule in the\u00a0Union of South Africa, most of the Senators were chosen by an\u00a0electoral college\u00a0consisting of members of each of the four provincial councils and Members of the\u00a0House of Assembly\u00a0(the\u00a0lower house\u00a0of Parliament, directly elected). The remaining Senators were appointed by the\u00a0Governor-General of the Union\u00a0on the advice of the\u00a0Prime Minister. The Senate’s presiding officer was called the President, whereas his counterpart in the House of Assembly was the Speaker.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"Senate\r\n
Senate house of South Africa<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

First Senate (1910\u20131920)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The\u00a0South Africa Act 1909, which created the Senate, included special provisions for the selection of the first elected senators. The Union Parliament was prohibited from changing the arrangements for the Senate during its first ten years.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The First Senate included eight senators from each province. They were\u00a0elected\u00a0for a ten-year term, by the members serving during the final session of the legislatures of each of the four colonies which joined the Union of South Africa. The election was by a form of the\u00a0single transferable vote. The remaining eight seats were filled, by appointment (also for ten-year terms) by the Governor-General-in-Council (in effect by General\u00a0Louis Botha’s first Union government). Section 24 of the South Africa Act 1909 provided that, of the nominated Senators, One-half of their number shall be selected on the ground mainly of their thorough acquaintance, by reason of their official experience or otherwise, with the reasonable wants and wishes of the coloured races in South Africa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Second Senate (1920\u20131929)<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The eight senators,\u00a0elected\u00a0for each province under the ordinary provisions for senate elections in the South Africa Act 1909, were returned by an electoral college composed of the members from the province in the House of Assembly and the Provincial Council. In 1920 the Senate term was for ten years and there was no provision for an earlier dissolution of the Senate.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The provisions for nominated senators were unchanged from those in the First Senate.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Second Senate had a small majority for the\u00a0South African Party\u00a0(SAP). When the\u00a0National Party\u00a0(NP)-led Pact government took office in 1924, its supporters were therefore in a minority in the Senate.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Senate Act 1926 modified the original constitutional provisions for the Senate. A new power was conferred so that the Governor-General-in-Council could dissolve the whole Senate (vacating both elected and nominated seats), either at the time of a general election for the House of Assembly or within 120 days of the election. Another provision required the nominated Senators to vacate their seats whenever there was a change of government.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

After the\u00a0South African general election, 1929\u00a0the Senate dissolution power was used for the first time, on 16 August 1929.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Third Senate (1929\u20131939)<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Third Senate had a small NP majority, in 1929. After the NP and the SAP formed a coalition in 1933 and fused to form the\u00a0United Party\u00a0(UP) in 1934, the government had a large Senate majority.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The UP government passed the Representation of Natives Act 1936. This legislation affected the Senate by adding another four Senators to represent the black population of South Africa. The Native Representative Senators were white people, who held office for a fixed term and were not affected by dissolution of the Senate. The new seats were filled by indirect election, the black electors being officeholders such as tribal chiefs and the members of local government bodies.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fourth Senate (1939\u20131948)<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The provincial electoral colleges met on 17 November 1939. After the\u00a0election and the filling of the nominated seats, the Senate was left with a pro-war majority. \u00a0There were 24 pro-government Senators\u00a0and 16 opposition Senators. The four Native Representative Senators were also pro-war.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

After the\u00a0South African general election, 1948\u00a0a Reunited National Party-Afrikaner Party coalition came to power, with minority support in the Senate. The new government used the dissolution power, to trigger a new Senate election. The Senate was dissolved, on 9 July 1948.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Read:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fifth Senate (1948\u20131955)<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The eight nominated Senators were appointed on 28 July 1948 and the Electoral Colleges met in the provincial capitals the following day. At the end of this process the government had 22 supporters and the opposition 21. The fourth Native Representative seat was vacant.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The South West Africa Affairs Amendment Act 1949 added four additional members to the Senate, of whom two were to be elected, and two nominated by the Governor-General. The elected senators were chosen by an Electoral College, composed of the members of\u00a0South West Africa’s Legislative Assembly and the six members of the House of Assembly representing the territory.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Senate Act 1955 (Senate 1955\u20131960)<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In 1955, Nationalist Prime Minister\u00a0Johannes Strijdom\u00a0attempted to amend one of the\u00a0entrenched clauses\u00a0in the Constitution, to deprive\u00a0Coloured\u00a0people of their voting rights, but his party did not have the constitutionally required two-thirds majority in a joint session of both houses of Parliament. It was decided to alter the composition and electoral system for the Senate, to enable the\u00a0Separate Representation of Voters Act\u00a01951 to be validated. Consequently, Strijdom had the\u00a0Senate Act 1955\u00a0passed to amend the constitution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Read:HISTORY OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Instead of each province electing eight Senators, by proportional representation, the new system required provincial representatives to be selected by a first past the post-election in the Electoral College. The effect of this was to enable the majority group from each province to secure all the seats available. \u00a0In addition Cape Province and Transvaal had their representation increased to 22 and 27 seats respectively. The number of nominated Senators from the Union of South Africa was doubled from eight to sixteen. The representation of South-West Africa and black voters was unchanged.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Another change made in 1955 was to reduce Senatorial terms from ten years to five. The size of the Senate rose from 44 to 89 (increased to 90 in 1956 when a nominated Senator was added to represent the coloured population for a fixed term until 1962)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Senate Act 1960 (Senate 1960\u20131980)<\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

At the end of the last term of the Native Representative Senators, in 1960, those seats were abolished. The Senate Act 1960 reduced the size of the Senate and reinstated proportional representation elections. However instead of going back to eight Senators per province, the Cape would have 11, Transvaal 14 (15 from 1970) and the two smaller provinces would retain 8 Senators. Again, the representation from South-West Africa was unchanged. The number of nominated Senators from the Union, went back to eight and the requirement for half of them to be acquainted with the ‘reasonable wants and wishes’ of non-white South Africans was abolished.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Senate was reduced in size to 54 in 1960 and 53 in 1962 (as the representative of the coloured community retained his seat until 1962).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Senate composition remained unchanged by the declaration of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, except that the\u00a0State President\u00a0took over the role of the Governor-General in appointing Senators. Under the republican Constitution, the President of the Senate was to act as State President whenever that office was vacant, or if a state president was unable to perform his duties. South-West Africa’s representation in the South African Parliament was abolished in 1977, to pave the way for independence for the territory.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Abolition of the Senate<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In 1980, Prime Minister\u00a0P.W Botha\u00a0began a process of constitutional reform, with the establishment of the President’s Council, a 60-seat advisory body with provision for ten Coloureds, five\u00a0Indians, and one\u00a0Chinese, but no black members. As a consequence, the Senate was deemed to be redundant and would be dissolved. It was abolished under the terms of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Fifth Amendment Act with effect from 1 January 1981, which established the President’s Council from the same date.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In 1984, the former Senate chamber was converted for use as the\u00a0House of Representatives, reserved for Coloureds under the\u00a0tricameral\u00a0system.\u00a0Black South Africans remained excluded from the political process.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

1994\u20131997<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Under the country’s\u00a0first non-racial (interim) constitution\u00a0in 1994, the Senate was once again the upper house of a\u00a0bicameral\u00a0parliament, the lower house being the\u00a0National Assembly. It was indirectly elected by members of each of the nine Provincial Legislatures, with each province having ten Senators. In 1997, the\u00a0final constitution\u00a0replaced the Senate with a\u00a0National Council of Provinces\u00a0(NCoP), which retained the former Senate’s membership, but changed its legislative and constitutional role.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Conclusion<\/strong> The\u00a0National Council of Provinces<\/strong>\u00a0(NCOP<\/strong>) is the\u00a0upper house\u00a0of the\u00a0Parliament of South Africa\u00a0under the (post-apartheid)\u00a0constitution\u00a0which came into full effect in 1997. It replaced the former\u00a0Senate, but is very similar to that body, and to many other\u00a0upper houses\u00a0of legislatures throughout the world, in that its purpose is to represent the governments of the\u00a0provinces, rather than directly representing the people<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction This post discusses the History of the Senate house of South Africa from the early times\u00a0 till the abolition of the senate house to the National Council of Province. The Senate was the upper house of the Parliament of South Africa between 1910 and its abolition from 1 January 1981, and between 1994 and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8547,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHISTORY OF HOUSE OF SENATE IN SOUTH AFRICA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This post discusses History of the Senate house south africa from early times\u00a0 till the abolition of the senate house to the National Council of Province.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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