{"id":8691,"date":"2023-06-05T11:36:58","date_gmt":"2023-06-05T11:36:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aziza.com.ng\/read\/?p=8691"},"modified":"2024-10-30T06:49:48","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T06:49:48","slug":"political-history-of-sudan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aziza.com.ng\/read\/political-history-of-sudan\/","title":{"rendered":"POLITICAL HISTORY OF SUDAN"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

This post discusses the political history of Sudan, from the early history to the independence and the politics of Sudan.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

HISTORY<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The\u00a0history of Sudan\u00a0refers to both the territory of the\u00a0Republic of the Sudan, including what became in 2011 the independent state of\u00a0South Sudan. The territory of Sudan is geographically part of a larger African region, also known by the term “Sudan”. or “land of the black people”,\u00a0and has sometimes been used more widely referring to the\u00a0Sahel\u00a0belt of\u00a0West\u00a0and\u00a0Central Africa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The early history of the\u00a0Kingdom of Kush, located along the\u00a0Nile\u00a0region in northern Sudan, is intertwined with the\u00a0history of ancient Egypt, with which it was politically allied over several regnal eras. By virtue of its proximity to\u00a0Egypt, Sudan participated in the wider history of the\u00a0Near East, with the important\u00a025th dynasty of Egypt\u00a0and the\u00a0Christianization\u00a0of the three Nubian kingdoms\u00a0Nobatia,\u00a0Makuria\u00a0and\u00a0Alodia\u00a0in the sixth century. As a result of Christianization, the\u00a0Old Nubian language\u00a0stands as the oldest recorded\u00a0Nilo-Saharan language\u00a0(earliest records dating to the eighth century in an adaptation of the\u00a0Coptic alphabet).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"political\r\n
political history of sudan<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

While Islam was already present on the Sudanese\u00a0Red Sea\u00a0coast and the adjacent territories since the 7th century, the Nile Valley did not undergo\u00a0Islamization\u00a0until the 14th-15th century, following the decline of the Christian kingdoms. These kingdoms were succeeded by the\u00a0Sultanate of Sennar\u00a0in the early 16th century, which controlled large parts of the Nile Valley and the\u00a0Eastern Desert, while the kingdoms of\u00a0Darfur\u00a0controlled the western part of Sudan. Two small kingdoms arose in the southern regions, the\u00a0Shilluk Kingdom\u00a0of 1490, and\u00a0Taqali\u00a0of 1750, near modern-day\u00a0South Sudan, but both northern and southern regions were seized by\u00a0Muhammad Ali of Egypt\u00a0during the 1820s. The oppressive rule of Muhammad Ali and his immediate successors is credited for stirring up resentment against the Turco-Egyptian and British rulers and led to the establishment of the Mahdist State, founded by\u00a0Muhammad Ahmad\u00a0in 1881.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The modern Republic of the Sudan was formed in 1956 and inherited its boundaries from\u00a0Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, established in 1899. For times predating 1899, usage of the term “Sudan” mainly applied to the\u00a0Turkish Sudan\u00a0and the\u00a0Mahdist State, and a wider and changing territory between Egypt in the North and regions in the South adjacent to modern Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

INDEPENDENT SUDAN (1956 TO PRESENT)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In February 1953, the\u00a0United Kingdom\u00a0and Egypt concluded an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination. The transitional period toward independence began with the inauguration of the first parliament in 1954. On 18 August 1955 a revolt in the army in\u00a0Torit\u00a0Southern Sudan broke out,\u00a0which although quickly suppressed, led to a low level guerrilla insurgency by former Southern rebels, and marked the beginning of the\u00a0First Sudanese Civil War.\u00a0On 15 December 1955 the Premier of Sudan\u00a0Ismail al-Azhari\u00a0announced that Sudan would unilaterally declare independence in four days\u2019 time. On 19 December 1955 the Sudanese parliament, unilaterally and unanimously, declared Sudan’s independence. The British and Egyptian governments recognized the independence of Sudan on 1 January 1956. The\u00a0United States\u00a0was among the first foreign powers to recognize the new state. However, the\u00a0Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a\u00a0federal\u00a0system, which led to a mutiny by southern army officers that sparked seventeen years of civil war (1955\u20131972). In the early period of the war, hundreds of northern bureaucrats, teachers, and other officials, serving in the south were massacred. The\u00a0National Unionist Party\u00a0(NUP), under Prime Minister\u00a0Ismail al-Azhari, dominated the first cabinet, which was soon replaced by a coalition of conservative political forces. In 1958, following a period of economic difficulties and political manoeuvring that paralysed public administration, Chief of Staff Major General\u00a0Ibrahim Abboud\u00a0overthrew the parliamentary regime in a bloodless\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Read: POLITICAL HISTORY OF MOZAMBIQUE<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Gen. Abboud did not carry out his promises to return Sudan to civilian government, however, and popular resentment against army rule led to a wave of riots and strikes in late October 1964 that forced the military to relinquish power.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Abboud regime was followed by a provisional government until parliamentary elections in April 1965 led to a coalition government of the Umma and National Unionist Parties under Prime Minister\u00a0Muhammad Ahmad Mahjoub. Between 1966 and 1969, Sudan had a series of governments that proved unable either to agree on a permanent constitution or to cope with problems of\u00a0factionalism, economic stagnation, and ethnic dissidence. The succession of early post-independence governments was dominated by\u00a0Arab Muslims\u00a0who viewed Sudan as a Muslim Arab state. Indeed, the Umma\/NUP proposed 1968 constitution was arguably Sudan’s first Islamic-oriented constitution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

POLITICAL HISTORY<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The political system of Sudan was restructured following a\u00a0military coup on 30 June 1989, when\u00a0Omar al-Bashir, then a brigadier in the\u00a0Sudanese Army, led a group of officers and ousted the government of Prime Minister\u00a0Sadiq al-Mahdi. Under al-Bashir’s leadership, the military government suspended political parties and introduced an Islamic legal code on the national level.\u00a0They then became Chairman of the\u00a0Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation\u00a0(a body with legislative and executive powers for what was described as a transitional period), and assumed the posts of\u00a0chief of state,\u00a0prime minister, chief of the armed forces, and\u00a0minister of defense. After institutionalizing\u00a0Sharia law\u00a0in the northern part of the country along with\u00a0Hassan al-Turabi, al-Bashir issued purges and executions in the upper ranks of the army, the banning of associations, political parties, and independent newspapers and the imprisonment of leading political figures and journalists.\u00a0In 1993, Sudan transformed into an\u00a0Islamic\u00a0totalitarian\u00a0one-party state\u00a0as al-Bashir abolished the Revolutionary Command Council and created the\u00a0National Islamic Front\u00a0(NIF) with a parliament and government obtained solely by members of NIF, and proclaimed themselves President of Sudan. As a result, the\u00a0Second Sudanese Civil War\u00a0with the\u00a0Sudan People’s Liberation Army\u00a0(SPLA) would escalate in the following years<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

POLITICS OF SUDAN<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The\u00a0politics of Sudan<\/strong>\u00a0takes place in the framework of a\u00a0federal\u00a0provisional government. Previously, a\u00a0president<\/em>\u00a0was\u00a0head of state,\u00a0head of government, and\u00a0commander-in-chief\u00a0of the\u00a0Sudanese Armed Forces\u00a0in a\u00a0de jure<\/em>\u00a0multi-party system. Legislative power was officially vested in the government and in the two chambers, the\u00a0National Assembly\u00a0(lower) and the\u00a0Council of States\u00a0(higher), of the bicameral\u00a0National Legislature. The\u00a0judiciary\u00a0is independent and obtained by the Constitutional Court. Following the\u00a0Second Sudanese Civil War\u00a0and the\u00a0War in Darfur,\u00a0Sudan\u00a0was recognized as a\u00a0totalitarian state\u00a0where all effective political power was held by President\u00a0Omar al-Bashir\u00a0and their\u00a0National Congress Party\u00a0(NCP). Al-Bashir and NCP were ousted in a\u00a0military coup\u00a0which occurred on April 11, 2019.\u00a0The government of Sudan was then led by the\u00a0Transitional Military Council\u00a0or TMC. On 20 August 2019, TMC dissolved giving its authority over to the\u00a0Sovereignty Council of Sudan, who were planned to govern for 39 months until 2022, in the process of\u00a0transitioning to democracy. The Sovereignty Council and the Sudanese government were dissolved in October 2021.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This post discusses the political history of Sudan, from the early history to the independence and the politics of Sudan. HISTORY The\u00a0history of Sudan\u00a0refers to both the territory of the\u00a0Republic of the Sudan, including what became in 2011 the independent state of\u00a0South Sudan. The territory of Sudan is geographically part of a larger African region, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9162,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[721,1287,1313,1427],"class_list":["post-8691","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa","tag-history-of-sudan","tag-political-situation-of-sudan","tag-politics-of-sudan","tag-republic-of-the-sudan"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF SUDAN<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This post discusses the political history of Sudan, from the early history to the independence and the politics of Sudan.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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