{"id":8718,"date":"2023-06-06T10:46:47","date_gmt":"2023-06-06T10:46:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aziza.com.ng\/read\/?p=8718"},"modified":"2024-10-30T06:43:41","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T06:43:41","slug":"political-history-of-madagascar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aziza.com.ng\/read\/political-history-of-madagascar\/","title":{"rendered":"POLITICAL HISTORY OF MADAGASCAR"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

Herein this post, we discussed the early history of Madagascar and furthermore the Independence, politics and the political history of Madagascar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

EARLY HISTORY<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The\u00a0history of Madagascar\u00a0is distinguished clearly by the early isolation of the landmass from the ancient\u00a0supercontinent\u00a0of\u00a0Pangaea, containing amongst others the\u00a0African continent\u00a0and the\u00a0Indian subcontinent, and by the island’s late colonization by human settlers from the\u00a0Sunda Islands\u00a0(Malay Archipelago) and from East Africa. These two factors facilitated the evolution and survival of thousands of\u00a0endemic plant and animal species, some of which have gone extinct or are currently threatened with extinction. Trade in the Indian Ocean at the time of first colonization of Madagascar was dominated by Indonesian ships, probably of\u00a0Borobudur ship\u00a0and\u00a0K’un-lun po\u00a0types.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Read: POLITICAL HISTORY OF MOROCCO<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Over the past two thousand years the island has received waves of settlers of diverse origins including\u00a0Austronesian,\u00a0Bantu,\u00a0Arab,\u00a0South Asian,\u00a0Chinese, and\u00a0European. The majority of the\u00a0population of Madagascar\u00a0today is a mixture of\u00a0Austronesian\u00a0and\u00a0Bantu\u00a0settlers. Despite popular belief, there has been no genetic input from Arabs or Indians, although one tribe, the Antemoro, claims descent from Somali Arab traders. European and Middle Eastern paternal ancestry is also present.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

INDEPENDENCE<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

First Republic (1960\u20131972)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Tsiranana’s rule represented continuation, with French settlers (or\u00a0colons<\/em>) still in positions of power. Unlike many of France’s former colonies, the Malagasy Republic strongly resisted movements towards\u00a0communism.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In 1972, protests against these policies came to a head and Tsiranana had to step down. He handed power to General\u00a0Gabriel Ramanantsoa\u00a0of the army and his provisional government. This r\u00e9gime reversed previous policy in favor of closer ties with the\u00a0Soviet Union.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

On 5 February 1975, Colonel\u00a0Richard Ratsimandrava\u00a0became the President of Madagascar. After six days as head of the country, he died in an assassination while driving from the presidential palace to his home. Political power passed to\u00a0Gilles Andriamahazo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Second Republic (1972\u20131991)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

On 15 June 1975, Lieutenant-Commander\u00a0Didier Ratsiraka\u00a0(who had previously served as foreign minister) came to power in a coup. Elected president for a seven-year term, Ratsiraka moved further towards socialism, nationalizing much of the economy and cutting all ties with France. These policies hastened the decline in the Madagascan economy that had begun after independence as French immigrants left the country, leaving a shortage of skills and technology behind. Ratsiraka’s original seven-year term as president continued after his party (Avant-garde de la R\u00e9volution Malgache or AREMA) became the only legal party in the 1977 elections.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In the 1980s, Madagascar moved back towards France, abandoning many of its communist-inspired policies in favor of a\u00a0market economy, though Ratsiraka still kept hold of power.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Eventually, opposition, both within and without, forced Ratsiraka to consider his position and in 1992 the country adopted a new and democratic constitution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Third Republic (1991\u20132002)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The first multi-party elections came in 1993, with\u00a0Albert Zafy\u00a0defeating Ratsiraka. \u00a0Despite being a strong proponent of a liberal, free-market economy, Zafy ran on a ticket critical of the\u00a0International Monetary Fund\u00a0(IMF) and the\u00a0World Bank. During his presidency the country struggled to implement IMF and World Bank guidelines that were, on the short term, suicidal politically.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

As president Zafy was frustrated by the restraints placed upon the powers of his office by the new constitution. His quest for increased executive power put him on a collision course with the parliament led by then Prime Minister\u00a0Francisque Ravony.\u00a0Zafy eventually won the power he sought after but suffered\u00a0impeachment\u00a0at the hands of the disenfranchised parliament in 1996 for violating the constitution by refusing to promulgate specific laws.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The ensuing elections saw a turnout of less than 50% and unexpectedly resulted in the re-election of Didier Ratsiraka.\u00a0He moved further towards capitalism. The influence of the IMF and the World Bank led to widespread\u00a0privatization.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Opposition to Ratsiraka began to grow again. Opposition parties boycotted provincial elections in 2000, and the\u00a02001 presidential election\u00a0produced more controversy. The opposition candidate\u00a0Marc Ravalomanana\u00a0claimed victory after the first round (in December) but the incumbent rejected this position. In early 2002 supporters of the two sides took to the streets and violent clashes took place. Ravalomanana claimed that fraud had occurred in the polls. After an April recount the High Constitutional Court declared Ravalomanana president. Ratsiraka continued to dispute the result but his opponent gained international recognition and Ratsiraka had to go into exile in France, though forces loyal to him continued activities in Madagascar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

POLITICS OF MADAGASCAR<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Politics of Madagascar takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Madagascar is head of state and the Prime Minister of Madagascar is head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Senate and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

POLITICAL HISTORY<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Madagascar’s first President,\u00a0Philibert Tsiranana, was elected when his\u00a0Social Democratic Party\u00a0gained power at independence in 1960 and was reelected without opposition in March 1972. However, he resigned only 2 months later in response to massive anti-government demonstrations. The unrest continued, and Tsiranana’s successor, Gen.\u00a0Gabriel Ramanantsoa, resigned on February 5, 1975, handing over executive power to Lt. Col.\u00a0Richard Ratsimandrava, who was assassinated 6 days later. A provisional military directorate then ruled until a new government was formed in June 1975, under\u00a0Didier Ratsiraka. During the 16 subsequent years of President Ratsiraka’s rule, Madagascar continued under a government committed to revolutionary\u00a0socialism\u00a0based on the 1975 Constitution establishing a highly\u00a0centralized\u00a0state. National elections in 1982 and 1989 returned Ratsiraka for a second and third 7-year presidential term. For much of this period, only limited and restrained political opposition was tolerated, with no direct criticism of the president permitted in the press.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Read: POLITICAL HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Presidential elections were held on November 25, 1992, after the High Constitutional Court had ruled, over Hery Velona objections, that Ratsiraka could become a candidate. Runoff elections were held in February 1993, and the leader of the Hery Velona movement, Albert Zafy, defeated Ratsiraka. Zafy was sworn in as President on March 27, 1993. After President Zafy’s impeachment by the National Assembly in 1996 and the short quasi-presidency of Norbert Ratsirahonana, the 1997 elections once again pitted Zafy and Ratsiraka, with Ratsiraka this time emerging victorious. A National Assembly dominated by members of President Ratsiraka’a political party AREMA subsequently passed the 1998 Constitution, which considerably strengthened the presidency.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In December 2001, a presidential election was held in which both major candidates claimed victory. The Ministry of the Interior declared incumbent Ratsiraka of the AREMA party victorious. Marc Ravalomanana contested the results and claimed victory. A political crisis followed in which Ratsiraka supporters cut major transport routes from the primary port city to the capital city, a stronghold of Ravalomanana support. Sporadic violence and considerable economic disruption continued until July 2002 when Ratsiraka and several of his prominent supporters fled to exile in France. In addition to political differences, ethnic differences played a role in the crisis and continue to play a role in politics. Ratsiraka is from the coastal Betsimisaraka tribe and Ravalomanana comes from the highland Merina tribe.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Following the crisis of 2002, the President replaced provincial governors with appointed PDSs (Presidents des Delegations Speciales). Subsequent legislation established a structure of 22 regions to decentralize administration. In September 2004, the Government named 22 Regional Chiefs, reporting directly to the President, to implement its decentralization plans. Financing and specific powers for the regional administrations remain to be clarified.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"political\r\n
political history of Madagascar<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

After being re-elected in 2006, Ravalomanana’s government was dissolved in March 2009, in a militarily-backed uprising led by Andry Rajoelina. Rajoelina formed a High Transitional Authority of which he was the ‘Transitional Head of State’. So far he has held a referendum, in November 2010, to update the constitution. Despite an alleged coup during, this was approved, and new elections were scheduled to be held in July 2013.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The second round of the postponed presidential elections was held in December 2013 and the results were announced in January 2014. The winner and the next president was Hery Rajaonarimampianina. He was backed by Rajoelina who led the 2009 coup and still was very influential political figure.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In 2018 the first round of the presidential election was held on 7 November and the second round was held on 10 December. Three former presidents and the most recent president were the main candidates of the elections. Former president Andry Rajoelina won the second round of the elections. He was previously president from 2009 to 2014. Former president Marc Ravalomana lost the second round and he did not accept the results because of allegations of fraud. Ravalomana was president from 2002 to 2009. The most recent president Hery Rajaonarimampianina received very modest support in the first round. In January 2019 the High Constitutional Court declared Rajoelina as the winner of the elections and the new president. In June 2019 parliamentary elections the party of president Andry Rajoelina won absolute majority of the seats of the National Assembly. It received 84 seats and the supporters of former president Ravalomana got only 16 seats of 151 seats of the National Assembly. 51 seats of deputies were independent or represented small parties. President Rajoelina could rule as a strongman.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Herein this post, we discussed the early history of Madagascar and furthermore the Independence, politics and the political history of Madagascar. EARLY HISTORY The\u00a0history of Madagascar\u00a0is distinguished clearly by the early isolation of the landmass from the ancient\u00a0supercontinent\u00a0of\u00a0Pangaea, containing amongst others the\u00a0African continent\u00a0and the\u00a0Indian subcontinent, and by the island’s late colonization by human settlers from […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8719,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[355,704,974,1303],"class_list":["post-8718","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa","tag-colonization-of-madagasar","tag-history-of-madagascar","tag-independence-of-madagascar","tag-politics-of-madagascar"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPOLITICAL HISTORY OF MADAGASCAR<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Herein this post, we discussed the early history of 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